在模式识别中,k-最近邻算法(k -NN)是用于分类和回归的非参数方法。在这两种情况下,输入都包含特征空间中最近的k个训练样例。输出取决于k -NN是用于分类还是回归:
在k-NN分类中,输出是类成员资格。通过其neighbors的多数投票对对象进行分类,其中对象被分配给在其k个最近neighbors中最常见的类(k是正整数,通常是小整数)。如果k = 1,则简单地将对象分配给该单个最近邻的类。
在分类和回归方面,可以使用一种有用的技术来为neighbors的贡献分配权重,这样离得越近的neighbors对平均值的贡献就越大。例如,一个常见的加权方案是给每个neighbors一个1/d的权值,其中d是到neighbors的距离。
要在Python中实现KN,我们首先需要通过sklearn.neighbors库和KNeighbors类创建我们的分类器,并创建我们的对象分类器并指定neighbors的数量,我们想要实现的度量(在这种情况下是欧几里德距离)和类型“minkowski”。
# Data Preprocessing
# Importing the Library
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
# Importing the dataset
dataset= pd.read_csv('Data.csv')
X = dataset.iloc[: , [2, 3]].values
Y = dataset.iloc[: , 4].values
# Feature Scaling
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
sc_X = StandardScaler()
X_train = sc_X.fit_transform(X_train)
X_test = sc_X.transform(X_test)
# Fitting Classifier to the Training set
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier
classifier = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors = 5, metric = 'minkowski', p = 2)
classifier.fit(X_train, y_train)
# Predicting the Test set results
y_pred = classifier.predict(X_test)
# Data Preprocessing
# Importing the Library
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
# Importing the dataset
dataset= pd.read_csv('Data.csv')
X = dataset.iloc[: , [2, 3]].values
Y = dataset.iloc[: , 4].values
# Feature Scaling
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
sc_X = StandardScaler()
X_train = sc_X.fit_transform(X_train)
X_test = sc_X.transform(X_test)
# Fitting Classifier to the Training set
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier
classifier = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors = 5, metric = 'minkowski', p = 2)
classifier.fit(X_train, y_train)
# Predicting the Test set results
y_pred = classifier.predict(X_test)
# Making the Confusion Matrix
fromsklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix
cm = confusion_matrix(y_test, y_pred)
# Visualising the Training set results
from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap
X_set, Y_set = X_train, y_train
X1, X2 = np.meshgrid(np.arrange(start = X_set[:, 0].min() - 1, stop = X_set[:, 0].max() + 1, step = 0.01),
np.arrange(start = X_set[:, 1].min() - 1, stop = X_set[:, 1].max() + 1, step = 0.01)
plt.contourf(X1, X2, classifier.predict(np.array([X1.rave(), X2.ravel()]).T).reshape(X1.shape),
alpha = 0.75, cmap = ListedColormap(('red', 'Green')))
plt.xlim(X1.min(), X1.max())
plt.ylim(X1.min(), X1.max())
for i, j in emunerate(np.unique(y_set)):
plt.scatter(X_set[y_set == j, 0], X_set[y_set == j, 1]
c = ListedColormap(('red', 'green'))(i), label = j)
plt.title('K-NN (Training set)')
plt.xlabel('Age')
plt.ylabel('Estimated Salary')
plt.legend()
plt.show()
# Visualising the Test set results
from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap
X_set, Y_set = X_train, y_train
X1, X2 = np.meshgrid(np.arrange(start = X_set[:, 0].min() - 1, stop = X_set[:, 0].max() + 1, step = 0.01),
np.arrange(start = X_set[:, 1].min() - 1, stop = X_set[:, 1].max() + 1, step = 0.01)
plt.contourf(X1, X2, classifier.predict(np.array([X1.rave(), X2.ravel()]).T).reshape(X1.shape),
alpha = 0.75, cmap = ListedColormap(('red', 'Green')))
plt.xlim(X1.min(), X1.max())
plt.ylim(X1.min(), X1.max())
for i, j in emunerate(np.unique(y_set)):
plt.scatter(X_set[y_set == j, 0], X_set[y_set == j, 1]
c = ListedColormap(('red', 'green'))(i), label = j)
plt.title('K-NN (Test set)')
plt.xlabel('Age')
plt.ylabel('Estimated Salary')
plt.legend()
plt.show()